The development of non-infectious subunit vaccines greatly increases the safety of prophylactic
immunization, but also reinforces the need for a new generation of immunostimulatory …

The culmination of the immune response involves the death of the majority of the activated
antigen-specific T lymphocytes. The death of these cells is important to prevent autoimmunity, …

Advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma have improved responses and survival.
However, many patients continue to experience resistance or toxicity to treatment, …

Background Cancer is a major cause of death in children worldwide, and the recorded
incidence tends to increase with time. Internationally comparable data on childhood cancer …

Tumour cells evade immune surveillance by upregulating the surface expression of programmed
death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), which interacts with programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor on T …

Exhausted CD8 + T (T ex ) cells in chronic infections and cancer have limited effector
function, high co-expression of inhibitory receptors and extensive transcriptional changes …

The inflammatory toxicity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of bacterial cell walls, is
driven by the adaptor proteins myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin …

CD8 + T cell exhaustion is a major barrier to current anti-cancer immunotherapies. Despite
this, the developmental biology of exhausted CD8 + T cells (Tex) remains poorly defined, …

Background Pembrolizumab demonstrated robust antitumor activity and safety in the phase
Ib KEYNOTE-001 study (NCT01295827) of advanced melanoma. Five-year outcomes in all …

At the end of the T cell response, the majority of the activated T cells die. We activated Vβ8 +
T cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in vivo and monitored the expansion and …